Last Updated: September 13, 2022
Introduction
Shortly after Biden took office in January 2021, the US Congress began trying to pass major legislation to help America compete with China more effectively and ensure U.S. leadership in science, technology, and innovation. Both Democrats and Republicans in the Senate and the House of Representatives supported this effort.
On August 9, 2022, President Joseph R. Biden signed into law the $280 billion CHIPS and Science Act, also known as the CHIPS-Plus Act, the culmination to date of these bipartisan efforts in Congress. This legislation is intended to significantly boost US domestic semiconductor production, and support related scientific research for the next decade. The legislation has been praised by the American manufacturing sector and semiconductor industry as a positive step forward, while being criticized by others for not providing enough industry support or containing too many loopholes.
USCET created this webpage, The US Congress and China: Legislation Updates, in 2021 to track the development of the various competitiveness bills introduced in the House and Senate, including the successful CHIPS-Plus Act as well as other efforts such as US Innovation and Competition Act (USICA) and the America COMPETES Act. This page provides insight into the various competitiveness bills by linking to commentaries, press releases, news articles, videos, and Tweets from lawmakers and other policy influencers. The legislation timeline at the bottom of the page serves as a general overview and historical record of the progression of major competitiveness bills through the chambers of Congress. We hope you will find it a useful resource in understanding the highlights of the 2021-2022 Congressional debates and progress toward passing US competitiveness legislation.
This webpage is intended to provide a broad overview of developments and perspectives on Congressional legislation related to US competitiveness with China. It is intended for general information purposes and the views expressed are those of individuals and do not represent the policy or position of the US-China Education Trust.
Recent Analysis and Commentary
S.4428: Gutting the Taiwan Relations Act, Carl Ford, The Footnote, August 31, 2022
Getting the Taiwan Policy Act Right, Richard L. Armitage and Zack Cooper, August 29, 2022
CHIPS and Science Act of 2022, Investopedia, August 29, 2022
A Look at the Science-Related Portions of CHIPS+, Center for Strategic & International Studies, August 11, 2022
Explainer: the CHIPS and Science Act 2022, United States Studies Centre, August 11, 2022
[Podcast] How three big bills in Congress will spur innovation and competitiveness, Dollar and Sense Podcast, Brookings Institute, August 8, 2022 [Transcript]
Can the CHIPS Act heal the nation’s economic divides?, Brookings Institute, August 2, 2022
How Bernie Sanders and conservatives united against US semiconductor bill, The Guardian, July 31, 2022
Intel Shows Limits of Chips Act, Wall Street Journal, July 29, 2022
The CHIPS Act won’t solve the chip shortage, Vox News, July 27, 2022
Why it matters that the ‘CHIPS and Science Act’ passed the Senate, MSNBC, July 27, 2022
Congress must pass the COMPETES Act and USICA to strengthen American science, Federation of American Scientists, July 1, 2022
Towards a Solution for Broadening the Geography of NSF Funding, Federation of American Scientists, June 15, 2022
Researchers criticize Senate plan to steer more NSF funding to ‘have not’ states, Science, June 2, 2022
Advance STEM education in bipartisan innovation and competition legislation, The Hill, May 24, 2022
Recent Developments on Bipartisan Innovation Act – Formal Conference Imminent but Prospect Remains Uncertain, National Law Review, May 3, 2022
Op-ed: U.S. Democrats press Congress to pass China tech competition bill to create jobs and shore up supply chain, CNBC, April 20, 2022
America COMPETES Act v. US Innovation and Competition Act—Summary of Key Differences and Takeaways – Part 2, Akin Gump, March 7, 2022
How a law to bolster US manufacturing and supply chains could usher in a new industrial era, PwC, March 1, 2022
“Will Congress Find Compromise on China Competitiveness Legislation? Sixteen Top Issues for the House-Senate Conference Committee,” National Law Review, February 23, 2022
“The Competes Act Is No Way to Help the U.S. Economy,” Bloomberg Opinion, February 22, 2022
“The House passed a bill aimed at boosting U.S. competitiveness with China,” NPR, February 4, 2022
“House passes sweeping U.S. innovation bill, teeing up talks with Senate,” Jeffrey Mervis, Science, February 4, 2022
“House Democrats release America COMPETES Act to negotiate comprehensive China legislation with US Senate,” Emily Jenkins and Shelly Castle, JD Supra, February 2, 2022
“The America Competes Act: Let’s make sure it helps us compete,” Nadia Schadlow, The Hill, February 2, 2022
“U.S. Chamber Letter on H.R. 4521, the ‘America COMPETES Act’,” U.S. Chamber of Commerce, February 2, 2022
“The Biden Administration’s Emerging Approach on ‘Strategic Industrial Policy’ and Proposed Lines of Effort,” Sourabh Gupta, Institute for China-America Studies, January 24, 2022
Robert Sutter, US-China Relations: Perilous Past and Uncertain Future, 4th Edition (Rowman & Littlefield 2022) [Note: See pp 167-182 for more information on legislation in the 116th Congress]
What are US Leaders Saying?
Videos
Tweets
Notable Recent Remarks
June 9, 2022: Senator Mark Warner, a sponsor of the CHIPS Act, called for “a greater sense of urgency” on funding the chips bill, expressing concerns that “for too many” the issue is a second priority. [Paywall]
June 9, 2022: House Ways & Means trade subcommittee Chair Rep. Earl Blumenauer said that Congress can finish reconciling the House’s America COMPETES Act with the Senate’s USICA by July 4. House Ways & Means Committee ranking member Rep. Kevin Brady disagreed. [Paywall]
June 2, 2022: Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo reiterated the call on Congress to “act with urgency” on the CHIPS Act, arguing that semiconductor companies will build manufacturing plants in other countries without the CHIPS Act incentives. [Paywall]
May 19, 2022: House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said congressional leaders are confident that they can pass the innovation and competition bill and “hopefully” before July 4th.
May 12, 2022: Senate Finance Committee ranking member Mike Crapo said he is open to amending the trade titles in the Senate’s United States Innovation and Competition Act (USICA) to gain bipartisan support on the final bill.
April 13, 2022: Senate Finance Committee Chair Ron Wyden said he supports the trade titles in the House’s America COMPETES Act, but whether the provisions have enough bipartisan support to pass. [Paywall]
Official Press Releases
FACT SHEET: President Biden Signs Executive Order to Implement the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022, White House, August 25, 2022
FACT SHEET: CHIPS and Science Act Will Lower Costs, Create Jobs, Strengthen Supply Chains, and Counter China, White House, August 9, 2022
Antony Blinken, The Passage of the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022, U.S. Department of State, August 9, 2022
Remarks by President Biden at Signing of H.R. 4346, “The CHIPS and Science Act of 2022”, White House, August 9, 2022 [Video link to the remarks and signing]
CHIPS Act Advances DOD’s Emphasis on Microelectronics, Department of Defense, August 10, 2022
House Passes Matsui’s Bill to Restore U.S. Leadership In Semiconductor Manufacturing, Representative Doris Matsui Press Release, July 28, 2022
Intel Statement on Passage of CHIPS Act Funding, Intel Newsroom, July 28, 2022
Pelosi Statement on Senate Passage of CHIPS and Science Act, Speaker Nancy Pelosi Press Release, July 27, 2022
Feinstein Supports Passage of CHIPS Legislation, Senator Dianne Feinstein Press Release, July 27, 2022
Pelosi, Schumer Statement on Bipartisan, Bicameral Leadership Meeting on COMPETES/USICA Conference, Speaker Nancy Pelosi Press Release, June 21, 2022
Romney, Durbin Lead Call for Robust Research Funding in Final Competition Bill, U.S. Senator for Utah Mitt Romney Press Release, May 31, 2022
[Video] Senator Mark Kelly spoke about the importance of passing the $52 billion semiconductor funding, May 12, 2022
Rubio Urges CHIPS Recipients to Put America First, U.S. Senator for Florida Marco Rubio Press Release, May 4, 2022
Senate Overwhelmingly Approves Innovation and Competition Legislation, Setting Stage for Conference Committee, U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, March 28, 2022
Remarks by President Biden in Roundtable With CEOs and Governors in Support of the Bipartisan Innovation Act, White House, March 9, 2022
Gov. Whitmer Urges Passage of CHIPS Act at White House Event on Economic Competitiveness, Michigan.gov, March 9, 2022
“Sen. Schumer: It’s Time to Make it in America,” Chuck Schumer, Data for Progress, February 14, 2022
“Statement from President Biden on House Passage of the America COMPETES Act,” White House, February 4, 2022
“Remarks by U.S. Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo on Passage of the America COMPETES Act,” U.S. Department of Commerce, February 4, 2022
Hoyer Statement on House Passage of the America COMPETES Act of 2022, Rep. Steny Hoyer (Majority Leader), February 4, 2022
“Ranking Member Cole Hearing Remarks on H.R. 3485, H.R. 4445 and H.R. 4521 (America COMPETES Act),” Representative Tom Cole, House Committee on Rules Republicans, February 1, 2022
“House Democrats Remain Committed to Ensuring Workers and Families Can Make It In America,” Majority Leader Steny Hoyer Press Release, February 1, 2022
“Rep. Richard Neal, Democrats unveil America Competes Act to boost U.S. trade competitiveness with China,” Rep. Richard Neal Press Release, January 26, 2022
“Portman, Brown Urge House & Senate Leaders to Swiftly Pass Revised Legislation to Invest in Manufacturing and Address Global Semiconductor Shortage,” United States Senator for Ohio Rob Portman Press Release, January 7, 2022
“Pelosi, Schumer Joint Statement on Bicameral Agreement to Conference the Senate-Passed United States Innovation and Competition Act,” Speaker on the House Nancy Pelosi Press Release, November 17, 2021
“The China Challenge and Critical Next Steps for the United States,” U.S. Senator Mark Warner, Brookings, May 15, 2019
Legislation Timeline
Current and Pending Legislation
*Status: Became public law as part of the FY2021 National Defense Authorization Act on January 1, 2021, but has received no funding to implement the program.
- Creates a Commerce Department program that incentivizes investment in U.S. semiconductor manufacturing and R&D by funding relevant entities along the manufacturing and research supply chain
- Creates a National Science and Technology Council program that uses public-private partnership programs to support U.S. leadership in advanced microelectronics innovation
- Creates a Defense Department program that ensures development and production capability of microelectronics critical to national security through the funding of public-private partnership and consortia of private companies
- Creates a common funding mechanism at the Treasury to support the development and adoption of secure semiconductor supply chains and enhance supply chain security
*Status: Became public law as part of the FY2021 National Defense Authorization Act on January 1, 2021, but has received no funding to implement the program.
- CHIPS Act and other funding
- Provides $52 billion to incentive programs created by the CHIPS Act
- Provides $1.5 billion for wireless supply chain innovation
- Endless Frontier Act
- Provides $29 billion over the next five years to enhance U.S. competitiveness in innovation and basic and applied research, especially in STEM
- Establishes a new Directorate for Technology and Innovation as well as specific programs within the National Science Foundation to:
- Increase capacities in an enumerated list of key technology focus areas including AI, semiconductor, quantum information, robotics, advanced manufacturing, advanced communications technology, data and cybersecurity, batteries and advanced materials science.
- Reduce geographic disparity and build regional capacity
- Build a STEM workforce by funding for education, research and scholarship
- Provides $16.9 billion over the next five years to the Department of Energy to conduct R&D and address energy-related supply chain activities
*Status: Passed House on February 4, 2022.
- CHIPS Act and other funding
- Provides $52 billion to incentive programs created by the CHIPS Act
- Provides $1.5 billion, every fiscal year from 2022 to 2031, for wireless supply chain innovation
- *Largely similar to equivalent provisions in USICA
- Department of Energy Science for the Future Act (timeline courtesy of GovTrack)
- Increases overall Department of Energy budgets to support the construction of scientific user facilities, the fight against climate change and research in emerging technologies such as quantum information science and artificial intelligence
- Increases support for research and scholarship in clean energy
- National Science Foundation for the Future Act (timeline courtesy of GovTrack)
- Establishes a new Directorate for Science and Engineering Solutions in the National Science Foundation (NSF) for use-inspired research that addresses pressing societal problemsProvides $13 billion over the next five years for the new Directorate
- Increases overall NSF funding to enhance existing effort to invest in critical research-enabling infrastructure
- Provides additional funding to support Pre-K-12, undergraduate, and graduate-level STEM education